Overview of Judo

Judo is combative system in which people fight one on one. The idea is to win decisively using a throw or a grappling technique (nage-waza and katame-waza respectively).

The two guiding principles of Judo are:

• Seiryoku Zenyō: Maximum efficient use of energy
• Jita Kyōei: Mutual prosperity for self and others

Judo participants should be able to practice without holding back for fear of endangering the other person. Because of this, dangerous techniques are forbidden from randori and shiai. (Jita Kyōei)

[edit] Techniques

The only throwing and grappling techniques that result in a decisive win are officially named. Other techniques are practiced, they just do not have official names. These techniques are still considered Judo as long as it helps get you closer to a decisive win and does not go against the principles of Judo.

[edit] Methods of Training

The three primary methods of training are free practice, competition, and forms (randori, shiai, and kata respectively).

Any type of training is allowed during randori (i.e. free practice). Typically people spar but randori is not limited to this.

In shiai, the goal is to win decisively. If you are able to do so, you are awarded the score of Ippon. If you attempt a technique, but it is not decisive, you will end up with a lower score. Shiai is not the aim of judo, it is just another tool to help you see your weaknesses and improve yourself.

Kata is the study of different combat scenarios. The aim is to teach and demonstrate different combat principles through formalized sets of movements and techniques. Unlike randori or shiai, strikes (atemi-waza) is practiced in kata. Uchikomi can be considered a form of kata as it is predefined movements used to learn various techniques / combat situations.

Another way to think of it would be that Kata and Uchikomi teaches you the theory and principles of combat while randori and competition teach you how to use what you have learned.

Lectures are the fourth method which is rarely practiced nowadays. Lectures greatly enhance the practitioners theory and knowledge of the finer points.^[1]

[edit] The Beneficial Effects of Judo

Learning Judo is to learn how to control and use your body efficiently and will bring about a physiological awareness. Also, improved physical fitness comes about through this training which should be fairly obvious.

The pursuit of judo will also build the practitioner's character. Some will call this a moral education. From the hundreds of, thousands of hours of mat time, whatever hard edges you have tend to get worn down, and softened. Given enough time, aggressors become victims, victims aggressors, students become teachers, and teachers remain students. By doing judo, you will learn how to get up when defeated, take victory with humility, have empathy for the weak, have respect for the strong, learn to use other's force against themselves, to use your force efficiently, and for good purpose. These 'lessons' are learned from returning to that mat night after night, day after day, year after year, are what form the foundation of the 'character building' education of judo.^[2]

Judo was designed by it's founder, Kano, as a way to develop character and to become a useful person in society. Lectures were used to help achieve these goals.^[1]

[edit] History

[[image:Eishoji Sydney.

HISTORY of KODOKAN (Japanese) JUDO

                                                                 1860-1995

For Reading Harrison E.J., The Fighting Spirit of Japan and Other Stories, London, Foulsham, 1912 Helm Dennis, 2000 Years Jujutsu and Kodokan Judo, Rockford, The Illinois Judo Association, 1991 Masumoto David, An Introduction to Kodokan Judo, History and Philosophy, Tokyo, Hon no Tomosha, 1996

1860 Birth of Jigoro KANO,founder of KODOKAN JUDO

1873 Jigoro KANO enters Ikuei Gijuku boarding school in Tokyo, where all the courses were taught in English or German by native speakers. He first hears of JUJUTSU, but unable to find a JUJUTSU master.

1874 Jigoro KANO enters the Tokyo School of Fereign Languages.

1875 Graduates from the state-run English School. Enters the state-run Kaisei School.

1877 Kaisei School is renamed Tokyo Imperial University. KANO begins TENSHIN SHIN’YO JUJUTSU training at Hachinosuke FUKUDA’s (1829-80) DOJO.

1879 KANO and Fukushima performs JUJUTSU for former U.S. President U.S. Grant (1822-85) when he visits Japan. KANO’s first teacher FUKUDA dies.

1881 KANO graduates from Tokyo Imperial University and stayes on another year for further study. Master MASAMOTO dies. This time he goes to train with Tsunetoshi IIKUBO of KITO RYU JUJUTSU.

1882 In February he moves to EISHO-JI, a small Jodo Sect Buddhist temple int he Shimo-tani section of Tokyo. There he establishes the KODOKAN („.Institute for Study of the Way”).

1883 KODOKAN moves to new quarters twice. The first move is to Minami Jimbocho in Kanda, where he opens an English academy. A few months later he moves to Kami Niban-cho in Koji-machi and builds a small DOJO. IIKUBO continues to teach KANO, who receives a KITO RYU teaching licence. Only eight students formally registers.

1884 KANO divides students into two groups, which is the non-grading (MUDANSHA) and the grading (YUDANSHA). He created three basic levels (KYU) and three advanced ranks (DAN). KANO instituts KAN-GEIKO („cold weather training”). Kodokan bylaws were drawn up. The Kodokan name was formally established, "taking together all the merits I have acquired from the various schools of jujitsu, and adding my own devices and inventions, I have founded a new system for physical culture, mental training, and winning contests. This I call Kodokan Judo." Said Jigoro Kano. Kodokan was, literally, the Hall (kan) for Studying (ko) the Way (do). Ju jitsu had meant gentle techniques. Kodokan Judo, was the Hall for Studying the Way of Judo. Judo meant "gentle way." The "Do" ending had enormous philosophical meaing. It was Japanese for the Chinese word "Tao.”

1886 The Tokyo Metropolitan Police host a tournament meant to resolve the question of which was better, Kano Jigoro’s Kodokan judo club or a Yoshin Ryu jujutsu school headed by Totsuke Hikosuke. By winning thirteen of fifteen matches and drawing the other two, the Kodokan athletes firmly established their primacy. A 1943 Kurosawa movie made Saigo Shiro the most famous of the early Kodokan wrestlers. Saigo’s favorite technique was said to be the yama arashi, or mountain storm, technique of aiki jutsu, but there is debate over what this technique was. Yokoyama Sakujiro was another powerful Kodokan judoka, and his 55-minute bout with Nakamura Hansuke during the 1886 police tournament remains the longest judo match on record. (Modern matches only go 20 minutes, with the possibility of a 10-minute extension.) Uniforms of the era were similar to modern uniforms except that sleeves and trouser legs were much shorter. The dignified silence that the wrestlers and their fans maintained greatly impressed foreign visitors.

1895 Jigoro KANO becomes a professor at Gakushuin. KODOKAN DAN-grade JUDOKA defect leading JUJUTSU teachers of the police force. The first five groups of instruction, or gokyo no waza, are introduced to Kodokan judo. These are followed in 1920 by a second group of seventeen additional techniques known as shimmeisho no waza. The additions were due to the Kodokan wrestlers having absorbed most traditional jujutsu styles and their best techniques in the meantime. The Kodokan won its first recorded contest with the Metropolitan police, in a shiai, pitting the police ju jitsu against Judo in organized competition for the first time. The first of many such matches that the Kodokan won.

1886 The KODOKAN is moved to Kojimachi Fujimi-cho. Fujimi-cho DOJO students with DAN rankings first began wearing black belts as a sign of their status. Shochugeiko, the beginning of summer training celebration, was inaugurated. Reflecting the rigorous workout in the summer heat, comparable to the Kangeiko of winter training, it became another Kodokan tradition. An historic passage came for the Kodokan when the Tokyo Metropolitan Police hosted a showdown between the Kodokan and the ju jitsu school considered the strongest fighting school in Japan at the time, the Totsuka-ha Yoshin-ryu jujutsu.

1899 The KODOKAN is moved to Kami-NI-bancho area, he had more than 1,500 full time students.

1889 September 16, KANO went on his first overseas visit to spread the good word about JUDO. He visited Paris, Brussels, Berlin, Vienna, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Amsterdam and London.

1891 January, KANO returned to Japan. He had been abroad for 16 months. He married Sumako Takezoe. KANO left his new bride behind in Tokyo. 1893 KANO returned to Tokyo where he became principal of the No 1 Junior High School. And later, he was appointed to the same position at the Tokyo Higher Normal School. His wife gives birth to their first daughter, Noriko. In December a new 100 TATAMI DOJO is opened at the KODOKAN.

1895 The first version of the GOKYO NO WAZA were officially introduced at the KODOKAN.

1896 SHOCHU-GEIKO („mid-summer training”) was formally instituted.-The first of the modern Olympic Games is held in Athens, Greece. Kano’s second son is born.

1898 In January 1898, Kanō was appointed director of primary education at the Ministry of Education, and in August 1899, he received a grant that allowed him to study in Europe. His ship left Yokohama on 13 September 1899, and he arrived in Marseilles on 15 October. He spent about a year in Europe, and during this trip, he visited Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Amsterdam, and London. He returned to Japan in 1901

1900 The Kodokan suffered a school defeat in a contest with Fusen Ryu ju jitsu. Fusen Ryu specialized in ne waza or grappling techniques, and this specialty carried the day.

1902 KANO visited China on an official inspection tour of educational institutions. Upon his return, KANO expanded the academy for Chinese exchange students that he had founded a few years earlier.

1903 An American industrialist named Samuel Hill invited Yoshiaki YAMASHITA (1865-1935) to teach his son KODOKAN JUDO int he United States.

1904 The 3rd Olympic Games are held in St. Louis, USA.

1904-05 During the Russo-Japanese war, a number of senior KODOKAN members died in battle.

1906 The KODOKAN expanded again, this time to a new 207-mat (TATAMI) DOJO in Shimo-Tomisaka-cho. The JUDOGI (practice uniform) was standardized in the form we see today.

1908 The 4th Olympic Games are held in London. The Japanese Diet approves a bill requiring all middle schools (in Japan) to provide instruction in Gekiken (swords-manship and jujutsu).

1909 KANO was selected as the first Japanese member of the INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITEE (JUDO was not included int he Olympics until 1964)

1910 Members of both houses of the Japanese Diet are invited to the KODOKAN to view demonstrations of JUDO.

1911 The Japanese establish an International Olympic Committee under the leadership of Kano Jigoro. While only two Japanese athletes went to the Olympics in 1912, 15 went in 1920, 18 in 1924, 43 in 1928, 130 in 1932, and 154 in 1936. Although the Japanese won medals in many sports, including wrestling, equitation, and tennis, as a team they did best in swimming and running.

1912 Jigoro Kano leaves to attend the 5th Olympiad in Stockholm, Sweden. Japan competed at the Summer Olympic Games for the first time. The delegation, two athletes accompanied by four officials. Kano makes his fourth trip to Europe. Kano called together the remaining leader masters of Ju Jitsu to finalize a Kodokan syllabus of training and kata. Aoyagi of Sosusihis Ryu, Takano, Yano, Kotaro Imei and Hikasuburo Ohshima participated from Takeuisi Ryu. Jushin Sekiguchi and Mogichi Tsumizu participated from Sekiguchi Ryu, Eguchi from Kyushin Ryu, and Hoshino from Shiten Ryu, Inazu from Miura Ryu. Takamatsu, a Kukkishin Ryu

1914 World War I breaks out in July. The KODOKAN JUDO Association is founded. In 1914, The All Japan Special High School championships were started at Kyoto Imperial University. These championships emphasized the trend toward NEWAZA or (grappling techniques), and the schools that participated became so proficient at this approach that they earned for it the name "Kosen Judo" or grappling Judo. This form of Judo was becoming so predominant that by 1925 Kano began to see throwing techniques as disappearing from the syllabus of effective Judo skills.

1916 The 6th Olympiad in Berlin is cancelled.

1918 Foundation of the BUDOKWAI in London. KANO attends the opening of a KODOKAN branch DOJO in Korea. End of World War I.

1919 KANO explains the principles of JUDO at the KODOKAN to Dr. Dewey from Columbia University.(He was the founder of the American educational system, who was then a guest lecturer at the Imperial University of Japan.

1920 KANO receives an award from the Japanese Government for his diligent services to Society. Kano attends the 7th Olympic Games in Antwerpen, Belgium. Japan sent fifteen Olympic competitors to Antwerpen – the first Olympic medals ever awarded to athletes from Japan (tennis players were awarded two silver medals)

1921 In March Kano resigns from his post as chairman of the Japan Amateur Sports Association and becomes honorary chairman. He attends an IOC meeting.

1922 The Kodokan Dan Grade Holder's Association was formed.

1924 Japan’s Ministry of Home Affairs announces the establishment of a national athletic festival called the Meiji Jingu Championship Games. Its purpose of mobilizing Japanese youth. Games included judo, kendo, archery, and sumo.

1926 The Kodokan opens its women’s section. In accordance with contemporary medical theories, the women’s judo was, in the words of Rusty Glickman, a New Yorker who trained in the Kodokan’s women’s dojo in 1962, "a much more refined, milder form than the men."

1930 The first All-Japan Judo Championships are held in Tokyo. As competition was categorized by age, the so-called All-Japan champions before 1948 were actually first in their age class. After 1948, there was an overall champion, too, and this person is now the sole All-Japan champion.

1932 In September 1932, Kano attended the IOC Session in Los Angeles and explained Tokyo’s bid for the Olympics after handing the official letter of invitation to the IOC President Count Henri de Baillet-Latour. Kano travels to USA (Los Angeles, Seattle) and Canada (Vancouver). In Los Angeles he attends the 10th Olympiad..

1935 Seventeen-year old Kimura Mashiko wins his first All-Japan Collegiate Judo Championship. Kimura then went on to win the All-Japan Judo Championships for his age group in 1938, 1939, and 1940. In 1949 Kimura returned to the mats and earned a draw in the finals against Ishikawa Takahiko. Kimura then tried to establish a professional judo circuit in Japan.

1936 According to the German writer Arthur Grix, there were 66,994 judo black belts in Japan . Of these, 39,660 were first-dan, 15,060 were second-dan, 6,600 were third-dan, 3,661 were fourth-dan, 1,615 were fifth-dan, 346 were sixth-dan, 44 were seventh-dan, five were eighth-dan, two were ninth-dan, and one (Kano Jigoro himself) was tenth-dan.

1938 In May, Kanō died at sea, while on board the NYK Line motor vessel MV Hikawa Maru Because the Japanese merchant fleet of the 1930s used Tokyo time wherever it was in the world, the Japanese date of death was 4 May 1938 at about 5:33 a.m. JST, whereas the international date of death was 3 May 1938 at 8:33 p.m. UTC. The cause of death was officially listed as pneumonia.

1940 The 12th Olympic Games cancelled because of the WWII.

1944 The 13th Olympiad is cancelled.

1946 The Allied occupation government of Japan prohibits the teaching of judo and kendo in Japanese public schools and bans the words (and concepts) budo and bushido. In November 1946 an All-Japan Judo Yudanshakai ("Grade Holders’ Association") was organized.

1948 In May the first All Japan Judo Championship since the Second World War is held. In November the first All Japan Police Judo Championship is staged.

1949 The All Japan Judo Federation is established in May. In November judo is added to the List of official sports at the 4th Japan Sports Championships. The All-Japan Judo Yudanshakai is reorganized into the Japan Judo Federation, and then made part of the Japan Physical Education Association.

1950 In October judo is reintroduced in Japan’s secondary school curriculum.

1951 In June judo is reintroduced int he high schools’ curriculum.

1951-1952 Kodokan judo instructors are sent to both the U.S. and Europe.

1952 Japan joins the International Judo Federation. Head of Kodokan, Risei Kano (1900-1986) becomes president of the International Judo Federation (1952-1965).

1954 In 1954, the first SAC Judo Tournament was held at Offutt AFB the Grand Champion was Airman Morris Curtis. Also in 1954, 26 SAC Air Police went to the Kodokan to study judo fourteen weeks. The curriculum consisted of police tactics, aikido, karate and, of course, judo.

1956 The first edition of the world championships took place in Tokyo, Japan There were no weight classes at the time and Japanese judoka Shokichi Natsui became the first world champion in history, defeating fellow countryman Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu in the final. Twenty-one countries participate. (The World Judo Championships are the highest level of international judo competition, along with the Olympic judo competition. The championships are held once every two years by the International Judo Federation, and qualified judoka compete in their respective categories)

1958 In November a bronze statue of Jigoro Kano is erected at the entrance of Tokyo University of Education. The second world championship was also held in Tokyo, with the Japanese winning the top two spots in the competition for the second time. Eighteen countries are represented. Tokyo was awarded the 1964 Olympic Games. The Kodokan sells its old building to the Japan Karate Association, and moves to a new seven-story building that had a weight room and a 500-mat main floor. To celebrate, the Kodokan introduces 21 new techniques known as Kodokan goshin jutsu, or "Kodokan self-defense techniques." Twelve of these techniques were designed for use against unarmed attackers while nine were designed for use against armed attackers. This new interest in practical self-defense was encouraged partly by urban dwellers’ fear of attack by teenaged hoodlums, and mainly by the interests of Kodokan leaders who belonged to the Japanese military, police forces, and security guard companies.

1961

The 3rd World Judo Championship was held outside of Japan for the first time, and Dutch judoka Anton Geesink defeated the prior world champion, Koji Sone, in Paris, France to become the first non-Japanese world champion. Twenty-five nations participate.

1962 The 80th Anniversary of the founding of the kodokan is celebrated.

1964 The 18th Olympic Games are held in Tokyo from October 10 to 24. The judo events took place in the Nippon Budokan – the Japanese Military Arts Hall. The matches were held on a traditional Japanese tatami, set in the center of the stadium. Preliminary round matches lasted 10 minutes, and the finals were 15 minutes. Most of the competitors had spent at least some time training in Japan. The exception was the Soviet team, which brought athletes who had converted to judo from the traditional Soviet jacket wrestling sport of sambo.

1982 In 1982, Judo celebrated its 100th anniversary at the Kodokan, and initiated construction greatly expanding the Kodokan and renaming it the Kodokan International Judo Center. Construction was completed in 1984.

1988 After the Japanese judo team turns in a disappointing showing at the Summer Olympics (well, disappointing by Japanese standards -- the team still won one gold and three bronze medals), its coaches announce their intent to return to the fundamentals. Publicly, this meant that in future the Japanese judo team would put more emphasis on character-development than winning. At the Seoul Olympic Games, the "open" division was dropped from the program. The "Open" was where any Judoka could prove his mettle. It was the original competition in Judo, emphasizing the idea that Judo was not a weight sport, but fundamentally a technique-oriented sport

1995 By 1995, the World Championships, once again held in Japan, were attended by 625 competitors from100 nations, with medalists from Japan, Korea, France, Cuba, Russia, and Germany, showing that expertise in Judo was no longer limited to Japan.

Created by www.judoencyclopedia.jimdo.com

[edit] Concepts

Seiryoku Zenyō, Jita Kyōei (精力善用、自他共栄) Maximum efficient use of energy and mutual prosperity for self and others. Jigoro Kano declared these two the highest goals of Judo.^[3]

Jigoro Kano explained the basis of judo by three principles:^[4]

• Shizentai-no-ri: The principle of natural posture or Shizen Hontai.
• Ju-no-ri: The principle of gentleness or Ju.
• Kuzushi-no-ri: The principle of balance breaking or Kuzushi.

[edit] Uniform & Gear

[edit] Ranking System and Belt Colors

The ranking system in Judo is divided in to two parts. Basically, those with black belts and those without.

The black belt group is called yū-dan-sha, which means "rank holder". There are ten ranks within within this group starting with a first degree black belt. Everyone in this group wears a black belt to signify they are a part of this group, however there are some optional belts that can be worn. A red and white paneled belt may be worn by people who possess a 6th, 7th, or 8th degree black belt. A red belt may be worn by those who possess a 9th or 10th degree black belt. ^[5] These optional belts are usually worn during special events.

The other group is called mu-dan-sha which translates to "those without rank". Traditionally everyone in this group wore white belts to signify they are part of this group. However, many organizations have adopted multiple color systems to help recognize achievement and provide regular incentives. ^[6] This can especially be seen in the child ranks. The colors and number of levels depends on the organization.

For more information: Ranking System and Belt Colors

[edit] References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} "Jigoro Kano and the Kodokan: An Innovative Response to Modernization", edited and translated by Alex Bennett (Kodokan, 2009) pg 18.
2. ↑ bythesea, Wrestling in Judo (JudoForum)
3. ↑ Kawamura, Teizo; Daigo, Toshiro, eds (31 Aug 2000) (in English, Japanese). Kōdōkan New Japanese-English Dictionary of Judo [和英対照柔道用語小辞典]. Derek Steel (Translator). 1-16-30 Kasuga, Tokyo: The Foundation of Kōdōkan Judo Institute. 
4. ↑ "On Jujutsu and its Modernization by Kenji Tomiki." JudoInfo. Accessed on September 16th, 2006.
5. ↑ Cichorei Kano, Red and Black Obi (JudoForum)
6. ↑ http://www.judoinfo.com/obi.htm